使用 @Primary
或 @Fallback
微调基于注解的自动装配
因为按类型自动装配可能会导致多个候选者,所以通常需要对选择过程进行更多控制。实现此目的的一种方法是使用 Spring 的 @Primary
注解。当多个 Bean 都是单值依赖的自动装配候选者时,@Primary
表示应优先选择特定的 Bean。如果候选者中恰好存在一个主 Bean,它就成为自动装配的值。
考虑以下配置,它将 firstMovieCatalog
定义为主要的 MovieCatalog
:
-
Java
-
Kotlin
@Configuration
public class MovieConfiguration {
@Bean
@Primary
public MovieCatalog firstMovieCatalog() { ... }
@Bean
public MovieCatalog secondMovieCatalog() { ... }
// ...
}
@Configuration
class MovieConfiguration {
@Bean
@Primary
fun firstMovieCatalog(): MovieCatalog { ... }
@Bean
fun secondMovieCatalog(): MovieCatalog { ... }
// ...
}
另外,从 6.2 版本开始,有一个 @Fallback
注解,用于标记除常规 Bean 之外的任何要注入的 Bean。如果只剩下一个常规 Bean,它也同样是主要的:
-
Java
-
Kotlin
@Configuration
public class MovieConfiguration {
@Bean
public MovieCatalog firstMovieCatalog() { ... }
@Bean
@Fallback
public MovieCatalog secondMovieCatalog() { ... }
// ...
}
@Configuration
class MovieConfiguration {
@Bean
fun firstMovieCatalog(): MovieCatalog { ... }
@Bean
@Fallback
fun secondMovieCatalog(): MovieCatalog { ... }
// ...
}
通过上述配置的两种变体,以下 MovieRecommender
将自动装配 firstMovieCatalog
:
-
Java
-
Kotlin
public class MovieRecommender {
@Autowired
private MovieCatalog movieCatalog;
// ...
}
class MovieRecommender {
@Autowired
private lateinit var movieCatalog: MovieCatalog
// ...
}
对应的 Bean 定义如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<context:annotation-config/>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog" primary="true">
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
<bean id="movieRecommender" class="example.MovieRecommender"/>
</beans>